United Kingdom
This analysis provides UK data based on research conducted before the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union on 31 January 2020. Please read Cedefop's Brexit Disclaimer above. Financial...
View ArticleSweden
Sweden is considered to be one of the most competitive economies in the world. Policymakers stress the importance of ensuring that the skills of the population are fully developed and utilised; in...
View ArticleSpain
Battling the deepest recession in decades, Spain has returned to economic growth only in 2014. The country’s unemployment rate is still high above the EU average and employment declined during the...
View ArticleSlovenia
Since the financial crisis in 2008, Slovenian economy has experienced periods of growth and decline. During the last five years the country's economic growth surprassed that of the EU and Slovenia'...
View ArticleSlovakia
The manufacturing remains the strongest employment sector in Slovakia, representing one quarter of all jobs in the economy. The automotive industry is the backbone of country’s manufacturing,...
View ArticleRomania
Romania has experienced a fall in the number of wage-earning employees since the beginning of the century. This has been explained with reference to high rates of inactivity recorded by the working-age...
View ArticlePortugal
In recent years, economic growth of Portugal was moderate, only slightly above the EU average. Its unemployment rate has been gradually decreasing and is actually close to EU average. Plans are afoot...
View ArticlePoland
Poland economy and employment grew decently in last years and the unemployment rate has dropped significantly. However, an employment decline is forecast over the period to 2030. The country still...
View ArticleNetherlands
The Netherlands is a country with strong global focus, as has been for many centuries. The service industry makes up about 80 per cent of the Dutch economy and employment. Although manufacturing...
View ArticleMalta
Malta withstood the economic crisis relatively well. Its economy and employment grew strongly since 2011 and the country has also very low unemployment rate. Also future looks bright for country’s...
View ArticleLuxembourg
The population of Luxembourg is around half a million, a high number of whom are foreign citizens with a mother tongue other than one of Luxembourg’s three official languages. This multilingualism is...
View ArticleLithuania
Lithuania’s economy and employment has been growing steadily in past years. The country has increasingly shifted towards becoming a knowledge-based economy, with the biotechnology sector offering a...
View ArticleLatvia
The Latvian economy as well as employment has been growing in last five years, although the unemployment rate is still relatively higher. The country has experienced significant increase of number of...
View ArticleItaly
Italy is among those Member States in which the manufacturing sector - associated with the production of niche and luxury products - still makes up a considerable share of its economy, particularly in...
View ArticleIreland
Ireland returned to positive GDP growth in 2011, and the economy continues to gain momentum. Employment increased by almost 10% in the last five years and unemployment rate dropped well below EU...
View ArticleHungary
The Hungarian economy and labour market performed well in recent years, with declining unemployment and strong job growth. Decent growth is expected in forthcoming years, too, although working age...
View ArticleGreece
Agriculture, the maritime industry and tourism are important sectors of the Greek economy, which recovers slowly from long and deep recession. The country has still the highest unemployment rate in the...
View ArticleGermany
Germany is the EU’s largest economy. It has a strong manufacturing base – especially in the automotive sector – with several German companies numbering amongst the world’s leading manufacturers. Other...
View ArticleFrance
France is the second largest EU economy. Three sectors dominate its employment: health & social care, wholesale & retail trade and manufacturing. Some leading global companies have their...
View ArticleFinland
Finland is among countries with most develop digital economy and society. The share of people with above basic digital skills is 50%, quite above EU average of 31%. One in 11 people is employed in...
View ArticleEstonia
Food, chemicals, electronics, and construction are important sectors in the Estonian economy, with oil shale mining also being an important activity. Education has traditionally been highly valued in...
View ArticleDenmark
Health & social care, wholesale & retail trade and manufacturing constitute the largest sectors in Denmark, employing almost more than two fifths of the workforce. Denmark is also one of the...
View ArticleCzechia
Czechia's economy and labour market performed remarkably well in recent years, maintaining strong GDP growth and reaching lowest unemployment rate in the EU. Manufacturing industry remains the backbone...
View ArticleCyprus
Cyprus has a small, predominantly service-based economy, with tourism, financial services and shipping being the important sectors. The country has one of the highest shares of people with tertiary...
View ArticleCroatia
Although most employment is in the services sector, the manufacturing sector also accounts for a relatively large share of employment in Croatia - including industries such as shipbuilding, food...
View ArticleBulgaria
The employment in Bulgaria is still mostly driven by manufacturing industry and wholesale and retail trade, followed by public administration and construction. The economic crisis resulted in a fall in...
View ArticleBelgium
The Belgian economy is an export-driven one. Important sectors in Belgium’s economy include trade; transport and accommodation/food services; industry and public administration. The Brussels region,...
View ArticleAustria
Austria is a country that has a strong industrial base, comprising many export-oriented small- and medium-sized enterprises. Historically, this has been an important element of GDP growth. Vocational...
View ArticleYoung persons neither in employment nor education or training (NEET)
Youth unemployment is a problem which tends to affect all countries with weak or negative employment growth. When growth in the economy slows, so may employment growth, as businesses hold back on...
View ArticleWorkplace learning
Indicator shows the percentage of adult EU28 employees whose studies during their highest level of education and training involved some learning in a workplace (e.g. through apprenticeships,...
View ArticleWorking-age population
Whilst people of all ages may be engaged in work of one kind or another, the potential pool of workers is typically considered to be limited to those aged between 15 and 64 years. In many countries,...
View ArticleUnder-skilling at hiring
This indicator shows the percentage of adult employees who report that their skills were lower than what was required by their job at the time of hiring. Although newly hired employees will possess the...
View ArticleUnder-skilling
This indicator shows the percentage of adult employees who report that their skills are lower than required to perform their current job. Workers’ skills may be below the level needed because the skill...
View ArticleUnemployment rate
The unemployment rate gives an indication of the extent to which there are more people looking for work than there are jobs available. This is formally expressed as the percentage of the economically...
View ArticleTransversal skills gaps
The percentage of adult employees whose transversal skills - communication skills, customer handling skills, learning skills, planning and organization skills, problem solving skills and team-working...
View ArticleTraining for work
The percentage of adult EU28 employees who attended any form of training (both non-formal and informal) in last twelve months. Based on results of Cedefop's European skills and jobs survey. Respondents...
View ArticleShare of low achieving pupils in maths, reading and science
Percentage of low achieving pupils shows the proportion of the 15 year olds with attainment below level 2 in science, maths and reading combined, based on results from the OECD's Programme for...
View ArticleSkills under-utilisation
This indicator shows the percentage of adult employees who report that they have higher skills that required to perform their current job (over-skilled workers). It is a matter of concern for public...
View ArticleSkills obsolescence
This indicator shows the percentage of adult employees who believe it is likely, or very likely, that several of their skills will become outdated in the next five years. Following this measure, almost...
View ArticleSkills development at work
Indicator shows the percentage of adult EU28 employees who said that their skills (all of the knowledge, competences and experience gained during the time they have been working) have improved a lot...
View ArticleSelf-employment
The self-employment indicates the percentage of self-employed workers over total employment, based on results from the European Labout Force Survey (EU LFS). The indicator can be broken down by...
View ArticlePopulation in education and training
This indicator provides an important measure of the extent to which people of working age in an economy are developing their skills through participation in education and training of some kind....
View ArticleProblem-solving average score
This indicator shows the average proficiency score in problem solving in technology-rich environments, based on results from the OECD's Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies...
View ArticleNumeracy average score
This indicator shows the average proficiency score in numeracy, based on results from the OECD's Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). The EU average score is around...
View ArticleSkills in online job advertisements
Cautionary notice: Cedefop has developed this analysis using a robust methodology and under substantial quality control mechanisms. However, online job ads are not a comprehensive source of skills and...
View ArticleFuture job prospects
The future job prospects indicator compares future number of job openings in a particular occupation to total employment in that occupation. If the number of future job opportunities is high compared...
View ArticleImpact of artificial intelligence on in-work learning of EU enterprises
Cedefop has launched a new call for tender on the ‘Impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on in-work learning of EU enterprises’ Ref. no. AO/DSL/KPOUL/AI-LiW/007/21. Read more
View ArticleIndividual learning accounts and the potential for integrated support...
Cedefop has launched a new call for tender on the ‘Individual learning accounts (ILAs) and the potential for integrated support policies and systems for CVET and adult learning’ Ref. no....
View ArticleLearning in work survey
Cedefop has launched a new call for tender on the ‘European Learning in Work (LiW) survey and enterprise case studies: Data collection on the incidence, drivers, and benefits of in-work learning and...
View ArticleSkills Panorama becomes Skills Intelligence
The Skills Panorama is about to reach an important milestone. One week from now, it will become part of the new Cedefop webportal. It will be given its own section titled "Skills Intelligence" and will...
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